| 1963-1964 | NIH Predoctoral Fellowship, California Institute of Technology
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| 1964-1967 | NIH Postdoctoral Fellowship, California Institute of Technology
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| 1967-1970 | Senior Investigator, Immunology Branch, GL&C, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
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| 1970-1973 | Assistant Professor of Biology, California Institute of Technology
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| 1973-1975 | Associate Professor of Biology, California Institute of Technology
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| 1975-1977 | Professor of Biology, California Institute of Technology
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| 1977-1992 | Bowles Professor of Biology, California Institute of Technology
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| 1980-1989 | Chairman, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology
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| 1981-1992 | Director, Cancer Center, California Institute of Technology
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| 1992-1999 | William Gates III Professor & Chairman, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Washington
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| 1989-2000 | Director, NSF Science & Technology Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Caltech
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| since 1992 | Affiliate Professor, Departments of Bioengineering, Computer Science & Immunology
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| since 1992 | President and Professor, Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA |
| 1991-1992 | Postdoctoral Research Fellowship studying the synthesis and applications of genetic antivirals as potent drugs against AIDS/HIV, University of Edinburgh and the Medical Research Council
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| 1993-1997 | Associate, Synthesis of New Kinds of Drugs for Gene-Therapy, Link Technologies Ltd, Glasgow Research and Development
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| 1997-2001 | Visiting/Associate Lecturer in Biological Chemistry and Bioethics, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh
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| 2001-2003 | Senior Civil Servant, Bioethics Division in the Directorate General of Legal Affairs, Council of Europe Strasbourg
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| since 2003 | Director of Research, Scottish Council on Human Bioethics, Scottish Charity, Edinburgh
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| since 2010 | Visiting Lecturer & Visiting Professor of Bioethic, St Mary s University, Twickenham, London |
