Die Debatte, wie die Energiewende gelingen kann, wird weltweit geführt. Österreich positioniert sich als Vorreiter einer innovationsgetriebenen Energiewende und punktet mit integrierten Systemlösungen. Doch welche weiteren Faktoren und Aspekte spielen eine Rolle – und welchen Weg gehen andere Nationen, um zum gleichen Ziel zu gelangen? Internationale ExpertInnen werden unterschiedliche Wege für eine erfolgreiche Energiewende aufzeigen und mit den TeilnehmerInnen diskutieren. Es entsteht – interaktiv – ein mögliches Bild einer erfolgreichen Energiewende für Österreich bis 2050.
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Theodor ZILLNER
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Deputy Head, Department of Energy and Environmental Technologies, Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology, Vienna |
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Introduction |
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Brigitte BACH
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Head, Energy Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Wien |
Abstract
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AIT sees its mission as taking up the grand challenges of society and turning them into sustainable solutions with the aim to secure a competitive edge for Austria's industry. One of the greatest challenges in the future is certainly to meet the EU's 20-20-20 targets, which define three key objectives for 2020: a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels, a 20% contribution to the overall energy mix from renewable energy and a 20% improvement in energy efficiency.
Austria already has a large share of renewable energy due mainly to the high proportion of hydropower in electricity production and biofuels in heat production. The consumption of electric power in Austria has been steadily increasing since the 1970s, and this trend is set to continue as the percentage of electricity in the energy mix will continue to rise steeply on a global level. In line with the EU's objectives Austria has committed itself to increase its renewable energy share from currently 31% to 34%, reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 16% in the non-ETS sector (i.e. sectors not covered by the Emissions Trading Scheme) and stabilise its final energy consumption at 1,100 PJ by 2020. The Federal Government's strategy to achieve this aim is to improve energy efficiency at all stages of energy provision and use, to further increase the use of renewable energy sources and to ensure a high security of supply with a strong focus on cost effectiveness.
All these measures have a direct impact on the energy infrastructure. They require innovative technologies such as next-generation solar cells and integrative concepts for smart power grids or heating and cooling networks, energy efficient and sustainable buildings or smart cities. The role of RTOs such as AIT is to provide the scientific expertise required to make Austrian infrastructure fit for the future. Another key aim is to support innovation driven success by involving Austrian companies in demonstration projects, thus helping them to achieve technological leadership in innovative technologies and components and enhance their position in a competitive global market. |
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Gi-Eun KIM
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Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Seokyeong University; Council Member, Austrian Council for Research and Technology Development; Seoul |
Abstract
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In the past decades Korea`s economy has made a considerable step ahead, macro economic data show a very positive development, the trade balance is ever increasing positive, economic growth ranges 2 to 4% ahead of OECD figures. Korea assumes place number 14 of all the national economies, gnp per capita amounted to 26.205 US$ in 2013.
Korea today is one of the major importers of natural gas, coal and crude oil. > 97 % of primary energy is imported energy.
Korea is a beginner in creating a sustainable and renewable energy industry.
The present government under Park gyun Hae has set a moderate target concerning the use of green energy of 8.8 % in 2035 in relation to primary energy and is presently focussing on supply security for crude and natural gas by promoting national exploration outside of middle east and shows interest in American shale gas.
As for electricity production Korea expects a long-term growth in demand by ca. 1.6% which will be complied with coal power plants, atomic power plants, gas turbines and a small portion of green energy of 11% by 2035 which includes water based power plants and waste to energy plants.
RPS system has been implemented since 2012. As „Mandatory Supply Quantity (MSQ)“, 2% of the total power generation should be supplied using the appropriate kind of renewable energy. There is a governmental target to increase MSQ up to 8% of the total power generation in 2020 and 11% by 2035.
To moderate the effects of climate change a number of smaller activities can be seen in Korea concerning basic technologies:
A. Passive house
At present more Koreans on a private level show interest in the concept of passive house
In 2014 ca. 200 buildings were constructed according to German Passive House Standards. Yet the Korea adaptation needs to be realized, as climte all over Korea is much more favourable to creating a low energy consuming house (summer and winter)
As compared to central Europe
B. Biogasplants
Korea 2014 has less than 100 operating biogas generating ( including landfill opertions, sewage water plants, bio waste plants and agricultural plants). By utilizing food waste (ca. 14.000 t p.a.) as source for Biogas production, import of LNG could be reduced by ca. 5%
C. Electric cars
Generous 50% of grants are given to provate owners for purchasing electric cars and small vehicles, as most el. energy is not base on conventional technologies, the CO2 emissions are very likely to rise in the forseeable future
D. As for the expansion of energy production by construction of nwe coal fired power plants
The government promised to utilize most uptodate technologies with highest efficiencies and will seek for ways CO2 storage.
Turning point in CO2 emissions and reduction targets should be defined by the government, until now on only moderation in CO2 emission can be expected.
Korean politics needs to understand much more the technological potential and the ever growing world market potential for energy conserving technologies and especially the huge potential for the development of tidal flow power plant (Korean costal area have one of the best prerogatives for using tidals flow) |
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Christian REDL
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Senior Associate, European Energy Cooperation, Agora Energiewende, Berlin |
Abstract
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The European Union adopted ambitious goals to move towards a low carbon economy. Germany plays a prominent role in this transformation process, with its energy transition (Energiewende) strategy. Adopted more than a decade ago and reinforced after the Fukushima accident, the country plans to fundamentally transform its power sector from nuclear and coal to renewables (RES).
Germany’s energy policy objectives include the complete decarbonisation of the power sector by 2050 and to phase out nuclear energy by 2022. Economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions shall be reduced by 40% by 2020 and 80-95% by 2050 compared to 1990. To achieve this, the share of RES in electricity consumption shall increase to 40-45% by 2025 and 55-60% by 2035. By then, wind power and solar PV will be the key pillars of the German power system.
So far, the energy transition has been very successful regarding RES deployment. In 2014, renewables met 27% of German electricity consumption (this figure amounted to 7% in 2000). Yet, the faster-than-expected expansion has brought about challenges (e.g. high renewable surcharge payments, increasing challenges to power system operations) and reinforces the weaknesses of the current electricity market design. The characteristics of wind and PV differ fundamentally from those of conventional power plants. Wind and PV are weather dependent with fluctuating output, have high capital costs and virtually no operating costs. These features will change power systems and the design of current markets fundamentally. Increasing power system flexibility is crucial.
Two decades of technological progress, incited by stable and long-term renewable support policies such as the German Renewables Energies Act (with Feed-in Tariffs and Feed-in Premia as main support forms), let the generation cost from wind and PV drop significantly. New wind onshore and large-scale PV plants have up to 50% lower generation costs compared to new nuclear plants or coal plants with carbon capture and storage. A decarbonised power system based on current cost of wind and PV with gas plants as backup costs 20% less than a system with new nuclear and gas plants.
Yet, a key challenge of the German power system has still to be addressed. Since 2010, increased coal-fired (especially lignite) power generation in Germany has displaced gas-fired generation in Germany and neighbouring countries. High gas prices in Europe, globally low coal prices and low prices in the European CO2 emissions trading scheme (due to a large oversupply of emission allowances) have caused this development. Therefore, the European emissions trading scheme must be fixed quickly such that it yields meaningful price signals. In addition, domestic complementary instruments are required in Germany. Indeed, scenarios show that the path to the 2050 climate target requires a decrease of the share of coal in the power sector from today’s 45% to 19% by 2030.
To summarise, the main messages from the German experience appear to be the following: A societal consensus on nuclear and climate change risks was the starting point for the German energy transition, with energy policy as key enabler. Binding mid- and long-term energy policy targets (for renewables, CO2, energy efficiency) are key, alongside an enabling policy framework. This should take into account the required certainty for investors but also needs to be adjusted subject to actual deployment rates. As societal acceptance is critical, involvement of citizens is key. Indeed, enabled by policies, RES in Germany are being installed and owned mostly by citizens.
The main RES deployment tool, as mentioned, is the Renewables Energies Act. Aside, a federal funding programme for research and demonstration projects on energy efficiency, RES, storage, e-mobility (2014: ~800 million EUR) and building refurbishment and e-mobility programmes exist.
So far, the German energy transition has focused on the power sector. To achieve an economy-wide decarbonisation, the heating and transport sectors require ambitious approaches as well. A cost-effective decarbonisation will probably imply a significantly greater use of electricity in heating and transport. Hence, it is important to pursue an ambitious renewables deployment strategy in the power sector as one starting point for achieving a low-carbon economy. |
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Unni Merete STEINSMO
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President (CEO), SINTEF Group, Trondheim |
Abstract
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Our responsibility as human beings is to take care of the environment, to manage the natural resources in good manner, to create the jobs for the future and to build the good society.
In this short introduction, I will try to give you a picture of what we are doing in Norway with respect to the transition into sustainable production and use of energy. I will present some facts, the research, the technologies, the innovation and the change that is taking place as I speak. There are strong incentives for technology development and innovation addressing development of renewable energy technologies, use of energy in transport, industry ,and buildings, energy system management and grids. To deliver on the SET Plan has high priority, both in the research community and at the political level. Norway has adopted the RES target of the EU and entered into an agreement with Sweden to boost RE by providing green certificates.
Renewable energy in Norway
Norway produces on average about 125TWh electricity per year whereof 97% is hydropower, 1% is wind power and the balance is gas fired power plants.
Norway is a major oil and gas producer which is predominantly exported. To drive the petroleum industry activities there is widespread use of gas turbines offshore for power and also some cogeneration. This adds up to more than 10TWh generated from fossil fuels (natural gas) albeit some new field developments also include electric power from shore.
There are incentives to build new RE through wind power, Small scale hydropower is encouraged as are new hydro and wind in general- there are strict regulations in place to ensure the sustainability of such developments.
solar power plays a less prominent role in the energy supply, but the solar industry and technology is being pursued building upon the strong industrial experience from metal production in Norway.
Bioenergy is a major supply for heat in Norwegian homes, there is a strong tradition for woodstoves. It is estimated that 18TWh heat (and some power) is produced from biomass in Norway.
A major revamping programme has been started for improving and extending the Norwegian grid to increase security of supply, allow higher transmission rates, reduce losses and gain flexibility for introducing new RES in the system. The programme is estimated to about €10 billion |
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Theresia VOGEL
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Managing Director, Climate and Energy Fund, Vienna |
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Chair |
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Katja HOYER
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Public Relations Manager, Climate and Energy Fund, Vienna |
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Coordination |
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