Statement by E. Bull:
The Case of Norway.
Negotiations with the EU as an outsider is complex. There is no balanced relationship; the rules are set by the other party. Often there is nothing to negotiate about – the acquis is there, you can hope to negotiate certain adaptations or transitional arrangement, but they must be few in number. Nevertheless, important vis-à-vis public opinion in your own country to “demonstrate” that real negotiations are taking place. That being said, the membership negotiations gave a few examples of acquis modifications (management of fisheries and arctic agriculture).
How to influence? The EU is multi-headed. Brussels is but one arena for action. Capitals are often more important. Deals with the Commission are frequently overruled by member countries. Remember that the real power is not in Representations of member countries in Brussels but in the relevant ministries in capitals. Ambassadors are important but not necessarily enough. Even sensitivities between ministries and PM offices in capitals must be taken into account.
In short, as an outsider you have to travel a lot. Often coordinated efforts in capitals and Brussels – representations and Commission – are necessary. It is important not to forget the European Parliament which through co-decision has become more and more unfluential.

As a member of the EEA Agreement Norway can influence at the level of experts at least in theory on par with experts from member countries as matters are dealt with in the Commission. In areas of great importance to Norway (energy), the issue may be taken up with the Commission which is supposed to take the representation into account with member countries. Once the Commission has tabled a proposal, Norway takes the role of an ordinary 3rd country except for the possibilities of addressing the Commission. Norway participates in the making, but not in the taking of decisions. The political sphere is reserved for member countries only. In that phase influencing becomes cumbersome.

Norway is associated with the EU through three sector agreements: 1) The EEA Agreement (single market), 2) Security, justice and home affairs (Shengen) and the CFSP. The arrangements are institutionally different with certain similarities. A common feature: there is participation with no voting rights.

Whatever the rules the EU is a club where member countries interests will always prevail over the interests of 3rd countries or countries with special arrangements.

Speakers